##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##
Submitted
May 28, 2021
Published
Oct 26, 2021
Download
Statistic
Read Counter : 1813
Download : 1104
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Main Article Content
Abstract
A significant concern with the food security issue worldwide is indigenous peoples and their food resources. The indigenous peoples of Papua are still very dependent on rice, a heavily imported commodity. During the global pandemic, the indigenous peoples of Papua faced the issue of food supply and food resilience. Simultaneously, Indonesia has the largest sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) palm-growing areas, accounting for over half (51%) of the 2.3 million hectares of sago worldwide, and about 90% of sago is estimated to be in Papua and Maluku. Indigenous food crops such as sago are exceptionally resilient to adverse local environments, highlighting their crucial role in ensuring food and nutrition security, particularly during a natural disaster. However, despite sago’s multiple uses and benefits, it is still poorly evaluated as a food resource by the government, with consumption at relatively low levels. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art regarding indigenous peoples and their food resources, focusing on why sago is essential, not only for the indigenous peoples of Papua but also for the possibility of introducing sago to the world.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Sidiq, F. F., Coles, D., Hubbard, C., Clark, B., & Frewer, L. J. (2021). Sago and the indigenous peoples of Papua, Indonesia: A review. Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 2(2), 138-149. https://doi.org/10.11594/jaab.02.02.08
References
Aluko, Y. A. (2018). Women's use of indigenous knowledge for environmental security and sus-tainable development in Southwest Nigeria. Inter-national Indigenous Policy Journal, 9(3). CrossRef
Ambarsari, R (2013). [wet sago flour wrapped in pandan leaves]. Shuttterstock. Direct Link.
Awg-Adeni, D. S., Abd-Aziz, S., Bujang, K. & Hassan, M. A. (2010). Bioconversion of sago residue into value added products. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(14), 2016-2021. Direct Link.
Bintoro, M. H. (2011). Progress of sago research in Indo-nesia. Sago for food security, bio-energy, and in-dustry, from research to market. Proceedings of the 10th International Sago Symposium, 29-30 October 2011. Direct Link.
Bintoro, M. H., Nurulhaq, M. I, Pratama, A. J., Ahmad, F., & Ayulia, L. (2018). Growing area of sago palm and its environment. Sago Palm, 17-29. CrossRef
Bintoro, M. H., Purwanto, M. Y. J., & Amarillis, S. (2010). Sagu di lahan gambut [Sago on peat land]. IPB Press.
Booth, A., Purnagunawan, R. M., & Satriawan, E. (2019). Towards a healthy Indonesia?. Bulletin of Indone-sian Economic Studies, 55(2), 133-155. CrossRef
Clark, B., Jones, G. D., Kendall, H., Taylor, J., Cao, Y., Li, W., . . . Frewer, L. J. (2018). A proposed framework for accelerating technology trajectories in agriculture: A case study in china. Frontiers of Agricultural Sci-ence and Engineering, 5(4), 485-498. CrossRef
Cloete, P. C., & Idsardi, E. F. (2013). Consumption of in-digenous and traditional food crops: perceptions and realities from South Africa. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37(8), 902-914. Cross-Ref
Demi, S. (2016). Indigenous food cultures: Pedagogical implication for environmental education. Direct Link.
Djoefrie, B., Herodian, S., Ngadiono, Thoriq, A., & Amaril-lis, S. (2013). Master plan pengembangan sagu se-bagai komoditas unggulan di Provinsi Papua dan Provinsi Papua Barat [Master plan for the develop-ment of sago as a leading commodity in Papua and West Papua Provinces]. Unit Percepatan Pem-bangunan Papua dan Papua Barat
Egeland, G., & Harrison, G. (2013). Health disparities: promoting Indigenous Peoples’ health through traditional food systems and self-determination. In H. V. Kuhnlein, B. Erasmus, D. Spigelski, & B. Burlingame (Eds.), Indigenous peoples’ food sys-tems & well-being interventions & policies for healthy communities (pp. 9-22). Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations, Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment.
Ehara, H., Toyoda, Y., & Johnson, D. V. (2018). Life and livelihood in sago-growing areas. In H. Ehara, Y. Toyoda, Y., D.V Johnson (eds.), Sago palm: Multi-ple contributions to food security and sustainable livelihoods. Springer Singapore. CrossRef
Food Agriculture Organization. (1995). Dimensions of need. At atlas of food and agriculture. Direct Link.
Food Agriculture Organization. (2015). FAO policy on indigenous and tribal peoples. Direct Link.
Food Agriculture Organization. (2014). Promotion of underutilized indigenous food resources for food se-curity and nutrition in Asia and the Pacific. Direct Link.
Food Agriculture Organization. (2018). The state of food security and nutrition in the world. Available at: Di-rect Link.
Food Agriculture Organization. (2019). Regional over-view of food security and nutrition in Europe and Central Asia 2019. Direct Link.
Flach, M. (1997). Sago palm. Metroxylon sagu Rottb. In-ternational Plant Genetic Resources Institute.
Frewer, L. J. (2017). Consumer acceptance and rejection of emerging agrifood technologies and their appli-cations. European Review of Agricultural Econom-ics, 44(4), 683-704. CrossRef
Gardner, B. (2013). Global food futures feeding the world in 2050. Bloomsbury.
Ghosh-Jerath, S., Singh, A., Lyngdoh, T., Magsumbol, M. S., Kamboj, P., & Goldberg, G. (2018). Estimates of indigenous food consumption and their contribu-tion to nutrient intake in oraon tribal women of Jharkhand, India. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 39(4), 581-594. CrossRef
Girsang, W. (2017). Sago food product development for food security in small islands, Maluku, Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 8(5), 704-712. CrossRef
Hariyanto, B., Aji G. K., Pranamuda H., & Pangestu, A. (2020). Pengaruh konsumsi beras sagu terhadap perubahan parameter antropometri pada relawan sehat [The effect of sago rice consumption on changes in anthropometric parameters in healthy volunteers]. Jurnal Pangan, 29(2), 141-148. CrossRef
Hariyanto, B., Anggraeni, D., Atmaji, P., Triputranto, A., & Prasetyani, L. N. (2013). Introducing sago noodle to the people of Sorong to increase the added val-ue of sago. Unleashing sago hidden treasure of the world. Proceedings of the 11th International Sago Symposium, 6-8 November 2013.
Hasibuan, H. S., Waromi, L. F., & Utomo, S. W. (2018). Sustainable food security strategy: Study of land suitability of rice and sago commodity in kampong wapeko, merauke district, papua province, indo-nesia. Paper presented at the E3S Web of Confer-ences, , 68 doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20186804008 Retrieved from Direct Link.
Huambachano, M. (2018). Enacting food sovereignty in Aotearoa New Zealand and Peru: revitalizing in-digenous knowledge, food practices and ecological philosophies. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 42(9), 1003-1028. CrossRef
Papua H. R. & Remco, v. d. P. (2018). Right to Food in West Papua 2018. CrossRef
IndiTheater (no date). [sago palm trees that flourish]. Shuttterstock. Direct Link.
IndiTheater (no date). [stunning views of the sago palm trees on the banks of a clear and clean river]. Shuttterstock. Direct Link.
Indrawan, M., Sumule, A., Wijaya, A., Kapisa, N., Wanggai, F., Ahmad, M., Mambai, B. V., & Heatubun, C. D. (2019). A time for locally driven development in Papua and West Papua. Development in Practice, 29(6), 817-823. CrossRef
Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University. (2014). ASEAN food composition database. Direct Link.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Summary for Policymakers. Direct Link.
Islam, D., Zurba, M., Rogalski, A., & Berkes, F. (2016). Engaging indigenous youth to revitalize cree cul-ture through participatory education. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 11(3), 124-138. CrossRef
Johns, T., Powell, B., Maundu, P., & Eyzaguirre, P. B. (2013). Agricultural biodiversity as a link between traditional food systems and contemporary devel-opment, social integrity and ecological health. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 93(14), 3433-42. CrossRef
Jong, F. S. (2018). An overview of sago industry devel-opment, 1980s – 2015. In H. Ehara, Y. Toyoda, Y., D.V Johnson (Eds.), Sago palm: Multiple contribu-tions to food security and sustainable livelihoods. Springer.
Konuma, H. (2018). Status and outlook of global food security and the role of underutilized food re-sources: Sago palm. In H. Ehara, Y. Toyoda, Y., D.V Johnson (eds.), Sago palm: Multiple contributions to food security and sustainable livelihoods. Springer.
Kuhnlein, H. V. (2017). Gender roles, food system biodi-versity, and food security in Indigenous Peoples' communities. Maternity Child Nutrition, 13(3). CrossRef
Kuhnlein, H. V., Erasmus, B., Spigelski, D., & Burlingame, B. (2013). Indigenous people food systems and well-being. Direct Link.
Kuhnlein, H. V., Erasmus, B., & Spigelski, D. (2009). In-digenous peoples' food systems: The many dimen-sions of culture, diversity and environment for nutri-tion and health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Centre for Indigenous Peo-ples' Nutrition and Environment.
Lemke, S., & Delormier, T. (2017). Indigenous peoples' food systems, nutrition, and gender: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Maternity Child Nutrition, 13(3). CrossRef
Marshall, A. J., & Beehler, B. McP. (2007). The ecology of Papua, 1st ed. Periplus Editions.
Mavhura, E., Manyena, S. B., Collins, A. E., & Manatsa, D. (2013). Indigenous knowledge, coping strategies and resilience to floods in Muzarabani, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 5, 38-48. CrossRef
McCulloch, N., & Peter Timmer, C. (2008). Rice policy in Indonesia: A special issue. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 44(1), 33-44. CrossRef
Ministry of Agriculture. (2018). Statistik konsumsi pan-gan [Statistics of food consumption]. Direct Link.
Ondikeleuw, Y. C., Wahyudi, & Arifudin, M. (2020). Utili-zation of biomass from sago (metroxylon sp) by local ethnic around the sentani lake jayapura-papua province. Paper presented at the IOP Con-ference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 935(1) doi:10.1088/1757-899X/935/1/012023 Retrieved from Direct Link.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop-ment. (2019). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 1990-2028, by variable. Direct Link.
O'Meara, L., Williams, S. L., Hickes, D., & Brown, P. (2019). Predictors of dietary diversity of indige-nous food-producing households in Rural Fiji. Nu-trients, 11(7). CrossRef
Padulosi, S., Thompson, J., & Rudebjer, P. (2013). Fighting poverty, hunger and malnutrition with ne-glected and underutilized species (NUS): Needs, challenges and the way forward. Bioversity Inter-national.
Pingali, P. (2007). Westernization of asian diets and the transformation of food systems: Implications for research and policy. Food Policy, 32(3), 281-298. CrossRef
Popkin, B. M. (2006). Global nutrition dynamics: The world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84(2), 289-298. CrossRef
Popkin, B. M., Adair, L. S., & Ng, S. W. (2012). Global nu-trition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition Review, 70(1), 3-21. CrossRef
Ratima, M., Martin, D., Castleden, H., & Delormier, T. (2019). Indigenous voices and knowledge systems - promoting planetary health, health equity, and sustainable development now and for future gen-erations. Global Health Promotion, 26(3), 3-5. CrossRef
Sambo, B. E. (2014). Endangered, neglected, indigenous resilient crops: a potential against climate change impact for sustainable crop productivity and food security. IOSR Journal of Agriculture Veterinary Sci-ence, 7, 34-41. CrossRef
Seto and Associates. (2006). Protecting our gifts and se-curing our future—first nations children and obesi-ty: A growing epidemic. Direct Link.
Singhal, R. S., Kennedy, J. F., Gopalakrishnan, S. M., Ka-czmarek, A., Knill, C. J., & Akmar, P. F. (2008). In-dustrial production, processing, and utilization of sago palm-derived products. Carbohydrate Poly-mers, 72(1), 1-20. CrossRef
Statistics Indonesia. (2019a). Persentase penduduk miskin pada September 2018 sebesar 9,66 persen [The percentage of poor people in September 2018 was 9.66 percent]. Direct Link.
Statistics Indonesia. (2019b). Import value of rice in In-donesia from 2011 to 2018 (in million U.S. dollars). Statista. Statista Inc. Direct Link.
Statistics Indonesia. (2019c). Total import value of wheat and meslin to Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 (in mil-lion U.S. dollars). Direct Link.
Torres-Vitolas, C. A., Harvey, C. A., Cruz-Garcia, G. S., Vanegas-Cubillos, M., & Schreckenberg, K. (2019). The socio-ecological dynamics of food insecurity among subsistence-oriented indigenous commu-nities in amazonia: a qualitative examination of coping strategies among riverine communities along the Caquetá River, Colombia. Human Ecolo-gy, 47(3), 355-368. CrossRef
United Nations Women. (2018). Press release: New UN Women report uncovers significant gaps for wom-en's empowerment and puts forth robust agenda to shift gears. Direct Link.
United Nations Development Programme. (2019). 10 things we all should know about indigenous peo-ples. Direct Link.
United Nations. (2019). Goal 2: Zero hunger. Direct Link.
United Stated Department of Agriculture. (2018). Agri-cultural research service. Food data central. Direct Link.
United Stated Department of Agriculture. (2019a). Rice consumption worldwide in 2018/2019, by country (in 1,000 metric tons). Direct Link.
United Stated Department of Agriculture. (2019b). Prin-cipal importing countries of wheat, flour and wheat products from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 (in 1,000 metric tons). Direct Link.
Winarno, F. G., & Hariadi, P. (2017). The Indonesian sago palm, unravelling its potential for national devel-opment. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
World Food Programme. (2015). Indonesia-food security and vulnerability atlas, 2015. Direct Link.
Yusuf, M. A., Romli, M., & Wiloso, E. I. (2019). Potential of traditional sago starch: Life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. In IOP Conference Series: Mate-rials Science and Engineering, 507(1), 012014.
Ambarsari, R (2013). [wet sago flour wrapped in pandan leaves]. Shuttterstock. Direct Link.
Awg-Adeni, D. S., Abd-Aziz, S., Bujang, K. & Hassan, M. A. (2010). Bioconversion of sago residue into value added products. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(14), 2016-2021. Direct Link.
Bintoro, M. H. (2011). Progress of sago research in Indo-nesia. Sago for food security, bio-energy, and in-dustry, from research to market. Proceedings of the 10th International Sago Symposium, 29-30 October 2011. Direct Link.
Bintoro, M. H., Nurulhaq, M. I, Pratama, A. J., Ahmad, F., & Ayulia, L. (2018). Growing area of sago palm and its environment. Sago Palm, 17-29. CrossRef
Bintoro, M. H., Purwanto, M. Y. J., & Amarillis, S. (2010). Sagu di lahan gambut [Sago on peat land]. IPB Press.
Booth, A., Purnagunawan, R. M., & Satriawan, E. (2019). Towards a healthy Indonesia?. Bulletin of Indone-sian Economic Studies, 55(2), 133-155. CrossRef
Clark, B., Jones, G. D., Kendall, H., Taylor, J., Cao, Y., Li, W., . . . Frewer, L. J. (2018). A proposed framework for accelerating technology trajectories in agriculture: A case study in china. Frontiers of Agricultural Sci-ence and Engineering, 5(4), 485-498. CrossRef
Cloete, P. C., & Idsardi, E. F. (2013). Consumption of in-digenous and traditional food crops: perceptions and realities from South Africa. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37(8), 902-914. Cross-Ref
Demi, S. (2016). Indigenous food cultures: Pedagogical implication for environmental education. Direct Link.
Djoefrie, B., Herodian, S., Ngadiono, Thoriq, A., & Amaril-lis, S. (2013). Master plan pengembangan sagu se-bagai komoditas unggulan di Provinsi Papua dan Provinsi Papua Barat [Master plan for the develop-ment of sago as a leading commodity in Papua and West Papua Provinces]. Unit Percepatan Pem-bangunan Papua dan Papua Barat
Egeland, G., & Harrison, G. (2013). Health disparities: promoting Indigenous Peoples’ health through traditional food systems and self-determination. In H. V. Kuhnlein, B. Erasmus, D. Spigelski, & B. Burlingame (Eds.), Indigenous peoples’ food sys-tems & well-being interventions & policies for healthy communities (pp. 9-22). Food and Agricul-ture Organization of the United Nations, Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment.
Ehara, H., Toyoda, Y., & Johnson, D. V. (2018). Life and livelihood in sago-growing areas. In H. Ehara, Y. Toyoda, Y., D.V Johnson (eds.), Sago palm: Multi-ple contributions to food security and sustainable livelihoods. Springer Singapore. CrossRef
Food Agriculture Organization. (1995). Dimensions of need. At atlas of food and agriculture. Direct Link.
Food Agriculture Organization. (2015). FAO policy on indigenous and tribal peoples. Direct Link.
Food Agriculture Organization. (2014). Promotion of underutilized indigenous food resources for food se-curity and nutrition in Asia and the Pacific. Direct Link.
Food Agriculture Organization. (2018). The state of food security and nutrition in the world. Available at: Di-rect Link.
Food Agriculture Organization. (2019). Regional over-view of food security and nutrition in Europe and Central Asia 2019. Direct Link.
Flach, M. (1997). Sago palm. Metroxylon sagu Rottb. In-ternational Plant Genetic Resources Institute.
Frewer, L. J. (2017). Consumer acceptance and rejection of emerging agrifood technologies and their appli-cations. European Review of Agricultural Econom-ics, 44(4), 683-704. CrossRef
Gardner, B. (2013). Global food futures feeding the world in 2050. Bloomsbury.
Ghosh-Jerath, S., Singh, A., Lyngdoh, T., Magsumbol, M. S., Kamboj, P., & Goldberg, G. (2018). Estimates of indigenous food consumption and their contribu-tion to nutrient intake in oraon tribal women of Jharkhand, India. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 39(4), 581-594. CrossRef
Girsang, W. (2017). Sago food product development for food security in small islands, Maluku, Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 8(5), 704-712. CrossRef
Hariyanto, B., Aji G. K., Pranamuda H., & Pangestu, A. (2020). Pengaruh konsumsi beras sagu terhadap perubahan parameter antropometri pada relawan sehat [The effect of sago rice consumption on changes in anthropometric parameters in healthy volunteers]. Jurnal Pangan, 29(2), 141-148. CrossRef
Hariyanto, B., Anggraeni, D., Atmaji, P., Triputranto, A., & Prasetyani, L. N. (2013). Introducing sago noodle to the people of Sorong to increase the added val-ue of sago. Unleashing sago hidden treasure of the world. Proceedings of the 11th International Sago Symposium, 6-8 November 2013.
Hasibuan, H. S., Waromi, L. F., & Utomo, S. W. (2018). Sustainable food security strategy: Study of land suitability of rice and sago commodity in kampong wapeko, merauke district, papua province, indo-nesia. Paper presented at the E3S Web of Confer-ences, , 68 doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20186804008 Retrieved from Direct Link.
Huambachano, M. (2018). Enacting food sovereignty in Aotearoa New Zealand and Peru: revitalizing in-digenous knowledge, food practices and ecological philosophies. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 42(9), 1003-1028. CrossRef
Papua H. R. & Remco, v. d. P. (2018). Right to Food in West Papua 2018. CrossRef
IndiTheater (no date). [sago palm trees that flourish]. Shuttterstock. Direct Link.
IndiTheater (no date). [stunning views of the sago palm trees on the banks of a clear and clean river]. Shuttterstock. Direct Link.
Indrawan, M., Sumule, A., Wijaya, A., Kapisa, N., Wanggai, F., Ahmad, M., Mambai, B. V., & Heatubun, C. D. (2019). A time for locally driven development in Papua and West Papua. Development in Practice, 29(6), 817-823. CrossRef
Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University. (2014). ASEAN food composition database. Direct Link.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Summary for Policymakers. Direct Link.
Islam, D., Zurba, M., Rogalski, A., & Berkes, F. (2016). Engaging indigenous youth to revitalize cree cul-ture through participatory education. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 11(3), 124-138. CrossRef
Johns, T., Powell, B., Maundu, P., & Eyzaguirre, P. B. (2013). Agricultural biodiversity as a link between traditional food systems and contemporary devel-opment, social integrity and ecological health. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 93(14), 3433-42. CrossRef
Jong, F. S. (2018). An overview of sago industry devel-opment, 1980s – 2015. In H. Ehara, Y. Toyoda, Y., D.V Johnson (Eds.), Sago palm: Multiple contribu-tions to food security and sustainable livelihoods. Springer.
Konuma, H. (2018). Status and outlook of global food security and the role of underutilized food re-sources: Sago palm. In H. Ehara, Y. Toyoda, Y., D.V Johnson (eds.), Sago palm: Multiple contributions to food security and sustainable livelihoods. Springer.
Kuhnlein, H. V. (2017). Gender roles, food system biodi-versity, and food security in Indigenous Peoples' communities. Maternity Child Nutrition, 13(3). CrossRef
Kuhnlein, H. V., Erasmus, B., Spigelski, D., & Burlingame, B. (2013). Indigenous people food systems and well-being. Direct Link.
Kuhnlein, H. V., Erasmus, B., & Spigelski, D. (2009). In-digenous peoples' food systems: The many dimen-sions of culture, diversity and environment for nutri-tion and health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Centre for Indigenous Peo-ples' Nutrition and Environment.
Lemke, S., & Delormier, T. (2017). Indigenous peoples' food systems, nutrition, and gender: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Maternity Child Nutrition, 13(3). CrossRef
Marshall, A. J., & Beehler, B. McP. (2007). The ecology of Papua, 1st ed. Periplus Editions.
Mavhura, E., Manyena, S. B., Collins, A. E., & Manatsa, D. (2013). Indigenous knowledge, coping strategies and resilience to floods in Muzarabani, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 5, 38-48. CrossRef
McCulloch, N., & Peter Timmer, C. (2008). Rice policy in Indonesia: A special issue. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 44(1), 33-44. CrossRef
Ministry of Agriculture. (2018). Statistik konsumsi pan-gan [Statistics of food consumption]. Direct Link.
Ondikeleuw, Y. C., Wahyudi, & Arifudin, M. (2020). Utili-zation of biomass from sago (metroxylon sp) by local ethnic around the sentani lake jayapura-papua province. Paper presented at the IOP Con-ference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 935(1) doi:10.1088/1757-899X/935/1/012023 Retrieved from Direct Link.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop-ment. (2019). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 1990-2028, by variable. Direct Link.
O'Meara, L., Williams, S. L., Hickes, D., & Brown, P. (2019). Predictors of dietary diversity of indige-nous food-producing households in Rural Fiji. Nu-trients, 11(7). CrossRef
Padulosi, S., Thompson, J., & Rudebjer, P. (2013). Fighting poverty, hunger and malnutrition with ne-glected and underutilized species (NUS): Needs, challenges and the way forward. Bioversity Inter-national.
Pingali, P. (2007). Westernization of asian diets and the transformation of food systems: Implications for research and policy. Food Policy, 32(3), 281-298. CrossRef
Popkin, B. M. (2006). Global nutrition dynamics: The world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84(2), 289-298. CrossRef
Popkin, B. M., Adair, L. S., & Ng, S. W. (2012). Global nu-trition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition Review, 70(1), 3-21. CrossRef
Ratima, M., Martin, D., Castleden, H., & Delormier, T. (2019). Indigenous voices and knowledge systems - promoting planetary health, health equity, and sustainable development now and for future gen-erations. Global Health Promotion, 26(3), 3-5. CrossRef
Sambo, B. E. (2014). Endangered, neglected, indigenous resilient crops: a potential against climate change impact for sustainable crop productivity and food security. IOSR Journal of Agriculture Veterinary Sci-ence, 7, 34-41. CrossRef
Seto and Associates. (2006). Protecting our gifts and se-curing our future—first nations children and obesi-ty: A growing epidemic. Direct Link.
Singhal, R. S., Kennedy, J. F., Gopalakrishnan, S. M., Ka-czmarek, A., Knill, C. J., & Akmar, P. F. (2008). In-dustrial production, processing, and utilization of sago palm-derived products. Carbohydrate Poly-mers, 72(1), 1-20. CrossRef
Statistics Indonesia. (2019a). Persentase penduduk miskin pada September 2018 sebesar 9,66 persen [The percentage of poor people in September 2018 was 9.66 percent]. Direct Link.
Statistics Indonesia. (2019b). Import value of rice in In-donesia from 2011 to 2018 (in million U.S. dollars). Statista. Statista Inc. Direct Link.
Statistics Indonesia. (2019c). Total import value of wheat and meslin to Indonesia from 2011 to 2018 (in mil-lion U.S. dollars). Direct Link.
Torres-Vitolas, C. A., Harvey, C. A., Cruz-Garcia, G. S., Vanegas-Cubillos, M., & Schreckenberg, K. (2019). The socio-ecological dynamics of food insecurity among subsistence-oriented indigenous commu-nities in amazonia: a qualitative examination of coping strategies among riverine communities along the Caquetá River, Colombia. Human Ecolo-gy, 47(3), 355-368. CrossRef
United Nations Women. (2018). Press release: New UN Women report uncovers significant gaps for wom-en's empowerment and puts forth robust agenda to shift gears. Direct Link.
United Nations Development Programme. (2019). 10 things we all should know about indigenous peo-ples. Direct Link.
United Nations. (2019). Goal 2: Zero hunger. Direct Link.
United Stated Department of Agriculture. (2018). Agri-cultural research service. Food data central. Direct Link.
United Stated Department of Agriculture. (2019a). Rice consumption worldwide in 2018/2019, by country (in 1,000 metric tons). Direct Link.
United Stated Department of Agriculture. (2019b). Prin-cipal importing countries of wheat, flour and wheat products from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 (in 1,000 metric tons). Direct Link.
Winarno, F. G., & Hariadi, P. (2017). The Indonesian sago palm, unravelling its potential for national devel-opment. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
World Food Programme. (2015). Indonesia-food security and vulnerability atlas, 2015. Direct Link.
Yusuf, M. A., Romli, M., & Wiloso, E. I. (2019). Potential of traditional sago starch: Life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. In IOP Conference Series: Mate-rials Science and Engineering, 507(1), 012014.