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Abstract
Bambara groundnut is one of the underutilised legume crops adapted to Sub-Saharan Africa's harsh, semi-arid tropical regions, providing nutrition and cash income among resource-poor farmers. A field study comprising 25 Bambara groundnut accessions was carried out during the 2018/2019 cropping season at the Crop Science Experimental Field, University of Namibia-Ogongo Campus, to characterise the accessions using qualitative traits. The experimental design used was an alpha lattice with three replications. Based on the visual observation techniques, the results showed morphological variation among the genotypes. The Bambara groundnut germplasm studied showed high phenotypic variations. The germplasm had a high proportion of the bunch-type growth habit (44% accessions), oval leaflet shape (64%), sparse hairiness (56%), and absence of eye pattern colour (70%). Also, cluster analysis grouped the accessions into five super classes. Shanon-Wennier index indicated a significant level of diversity among the Bambara groundnut accessions for most traits studied, with plant growth habits having the highest index of 2.15, followed by for pod colour (1.45) and seed eye pattern colour (1.22). These results may be useful in formulating national Bambara groundnut breeding programs in semi-arid Sub-Saharan African regions. However, molecular analysis is required to determine the genetic variations among the accessions.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Valombola, J. S., Awala, S. K., & Hove, K. (2022). Morphological characterisation of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) germplasm collections: A basis for crop improvement. Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 3(1), 8-18. https://doi.org/10.11594/jaab.03.01.02
References
Aliyu, S., Massawe, F., & Mayes, S. (2016). Genetic diversity and population structure of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.): synopsis of the past two decades of analysis and implications for crop improvement programmes. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 63(6), 925–943. CrossRef
Amarteifio, J. O., Karikari, S. K., & Moichubedi, E. (1998). The condensed tannin content of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterreanea L. Verdc). Recent Advances of Research.in Antinutritional Factors in Legume Seeds and Rapeseed., 93, 141–143. Direct Link.
Awala, S. K., Hove, K., Wanga, M. A., Valombola, J. S., & Mwandemele, O. D. (2019). Rainfall trend and variability in semi-arid northern Namibia: Implications for smallholder agricultural production. Welwitschia International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1, 1–25. CrossRef
Azam-Ali, S. N., Sesay, A., Karikari, S. K., Massawe, F. J., Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Bannayan, M., & Hampson, K. J. (2001). Assessing the potential of an underutilized crop - A case study using bambara groundnut. Experimental Agriculture, 37(4), 433–472. CrossRef
Bamshaiye, O. ., Adegbola, J. ., & Bamshaiye, E. . (2011). Bambara groundnut : an Under-Utilized Nut in Africa. Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology, 1, 60–72. Direct Link.
Berchie, J. N., Opoku, M., Adu-Dapaah, H., Agyemang, A., Sarkodie-Addo, J., & Berchie J.N. (2012). Evaluation of five bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) landraces to heat and drought stress at Tono-Navrongo, Upper East Region of Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Reseearch, 7(2), 250–256. CrossRef
Bonny, B. S., Dagou, S., Adjoumani, K., Koffi, K. G., Kouonon, L. C., & Sie, R. S. (2019). Evaluation of the diversity in qualitative traits of Bambara groundnut germplasm (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) of Cte dIvoire. African Journal of Biotechnology, 18(1), 23–36. CrossRef
Cervantes, E., Martín, J. J., & Saadaoui, E. (2016). Updated Methods for Seed Shape Analysis. Scientifica, 2016(1), 10. CrossRef
Chai, H. H., Massawe, F., & Mayes, S. (2016). Effects of mild drought stress on the morpho-physiological characteristics of a bambara groundnut segregating population. Euphytica, 208(2), 225–236. CrossRef
Chibarabada, T. P. (2014). Seed quality and water use characteristics of a bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) landrace differing in seed coat colour by Tendai Polite Chibarabada [University of KwaZulu-Natal]. Direct Link.
Dwivedi, S. L., Van Bueren, E. T. L., Ceccarelli, S., Grando, S., Upadhyaya, H. D., & Ortiz, R. (2017). Diversifying food systems in the pursuit of sustainable food production and healthy diets. Trends in Plant Science, 22(10), 842–856. CrossRef
Ellstrand, N. C., & Elam, D. R. (1993). Population genetic consequences of small population size: implications for plant conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24(1), 217–242. CrossRef
Fleißner, K. W. E. (2006). The improvement of Bambara groundnut production in Northern Namibia by means of breeding strategies and agronomic investigations (Issue August) [Technische Universität München]. Direct Link.
Garnett, T. (2014). Three perspectives on sustainable food security: efficiency, demand restraint, food system transformation. What role for life cycle assessment? Journal of Cleaner Production, 73, 10–18. CrossRef
Gbaguidi, A. A., Dansi, A., Dossou-Aminon, I., Gbemavo, D. S. J. C., Orobiyi, A., Sanoussi, F., & Yedomonhan, H. (2018). Agromorphological diversity of local Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) collected in Benin. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(4), 1159–1171. CrossRef
Ghafoor, A., Sharif, A., Ahmad, Z., Zahid, M. A., & Rabbani, M. A. (2001). Genetic diversity in blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper). Field Crops Research, 69(2), 183–190. CrossRef
Godfray, H. C. J., & Garnett, T. (2014). Food security and sustainable intensification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1639), 20120273. CrossRef
Goli, A. E. (1997). Bambara groundnut: bibliographical review. Bambara groundnut Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. Continental Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3, 8–13. Direct Link.
Hillocks, R. J., Bennett, C., Mponda, O. M., & Maritime, C. (2012). Bambara nut: A review of utilisation, market potential and crop improvement. African Crop Science Journal, 20(1), 1–16. Direct Link.
Institute International Plant Genetic Resources. (2000). Descriptors for Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). In Descriptors for Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). Direct Link.
Kidner, C. A., & Umbreen, S. (2010). Why is Leaf Shape so Variable? In International Journal of Plant Developmental Biology (Vol. 4, Issue 1). Direct Link.
Lattanzio, V., Terzano, R., Cicco, N., Cardinali, A., Di Venere, D., Linsalata, V., Jeuorobo, A. V., U, O. A., O, N. N. G., O., O. P., Mubaiwa, J., Fogliano, V., Chidewe, C., Linnemann, A. R., Chai, H. H., Massawe, F., Mayes, S., Lattanzio, V., Terzano, R., … Mabhaudhi, T. (2005). Phenotypic Variability for Tolerance to Drought Stress of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea (L) Verda). Food Reviews International, 33(2), 26–33. CrossRef
Lungelwa, Z. (2012). Responses of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterannea L.Verdc) landraces to field and controlled environment conditions of water stress Lungelwa Zandile Zondi. Master Thesis [University of KwaZulu-Natal]. Direct Link.
Mabhaudhi, T, Modi, A. T., & Beletse, Y. G. (2013). Growth, phenological and yield responses of a bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) landrace to imposed water stress: IL. Rain shelter conditions. Water SA, 39(2), 191–198. CrossRef
Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe, O’Reilly, P., Walker, S., & Mwale, S. (2016). Opportunities for underutilised crops in Southern Africa’s post–2015 development agenda. Sustainability, 8(4), 302. CrossRef
Massawe, F. J., Mwale, S. S., Azam-Ali, S. N., & Roberts, J. A. (2005). Breeding in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.): Strategic considerations. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(6), 463–471. Direct Link.
Mayes, S., Ho, W. K., Chai, H. H., Gao, X., Kundy, A. C., Mateva, K. I., Zahrulakmal, M., Hahiree, M. K. I. M., Kendabie, P., Licea, L. C. S., Massawe, F., Mabhaudhi, T., Modi, A. T., Berchie, J. N., Amoah, S., Faloye, B., Abberton, M., Olaniyi, O., & Azam-Ali, S. N. (2019). Bambara groundnut: an exemplar underutilised legume for resilience under climate change. Planta, 250(3), 803–820. CrossRef
Minka, S. R., & Bruneteau, M. (2000). Partial chemical composition of bambara pea [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verde]. Food Chemistry, 68(3), 273–276. Direct Link.
Mkwandawire, C. . (2007). Review of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc.) Production in Sub-Sahara Africa. Agricultural Journal, 2(4), 464–470. Direct Link.
Mohammed, M. S., Shimelis, H. A., & Laing, M. D. (2016a). Phenotypic characterization of diverse Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) germplasm collections through seed morphology. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 63(5), 889–899. CrossRef
Mohammed, M. S., Shimelis, H. A., & Laing, M. D. (2016b). Preliminary investigation on some agronomic and morphological variations of within and between bambara groundnut landraces. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 18, 1909–1920. Direct Link.
Molosiwa, O. O., Aliyu, S., Stadler, F., Mayes, K., Massawe, F., Kilian, A., & Mayes, S. (2015). SSR marker development, genetic diversity and population structure analysis of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] landraces. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 62(8), 1225–1243. Direct Link.
Mubaiwa, J., Fogliano, V., Chidewe, C., Jan Bakker, E., & Linnemann, A. R. (2018). Utilization of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) for sustainable food and nutrition security in semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe. PLoS ONE, 13(10), 1–19. CrossRef
Muhammad, I., Rafii, M. Y., Ramlee, S. I., Nazli, M. H., Harun, A. R., Oladosu, Y., Musa, I., Arolu, F., Chukwu, S. C., Haliru, B. S., Akos, I. S., Halidu, J., & Arolu, I. W. (2020). Exploration of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) verdc, an underutilized crop, to aid global food security: Varietal improvement, genetic diversity and processing. In Agronomy (Vol. 10, Issue 6). MDPI AG. CrossRef
Mukakalisa, C. (2006). Molecular, environmental and nutritional evaluation of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) [Thesis submitted to University of Namibia]. Direct Link.
Mustapha, Y. (2009). Inheritance of Seed Coat Colour Pattern in Cowpea [ Vigna Ungulata (L.) Walp]. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 70–74. Direct Link.
Mustapha, Y., & Singh, B. . (2008). Inhertance of pod colour in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP). Science World Journal, 3(2), 39–42. CrossRef
Ndiang, Z., Bell, J., Fokam, P., Quattara, B., Simo, C., & Dibong, D. (2014). Agro-morphological variability in twelve bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea ( L .) Verdc .) accessions in Cameroon. Sciences,Technologies et Developpement, 16(1974), 38–45. Direct Link.
Nicotra, A. B., Leigh, A., Boyce, C. K., Jones, C. S., Niklas, K. J., Royer, D. L., & Tsukaya, H. (2011a). The evolution and functional significance of leaf shape in the angiosperms. Functional Plant Biology, 38(7), 535–552. CrossRef
Ntundu, W. H., Shillah, S. A., Marandu, W. Y. F., & Christiansen, J. L. (2006). Morphological diversity of bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] landraces in Tanzania. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 53(2), 367–378. CrossRef
Olukolu, B. A., Mayes, S., Stadler, F., Ng, N. Q., Fawole, I., Dominique, D., Azam-Ali, S. N., Abbott, A. G., & Kole, C. (2012). Genetic diversity in Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) as revealed by phenotypic descriptors and DArT marker analysis. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 59(3), 347–358. CrossRef
Redjeki, E. S., Mayes, S., & Azam-Ali, S. (2013). Evaluating the stability and adaptability of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verd.) landraces in different agro-ecologies. Acta Horticulturae, 979(July), 389–400. CrossRef
Sarkar, A., VanLoon, G. W., & Sensarma, S. R. (2019). Sustainable solutions for food security: Combating climate change by adaptation. In Sustainable Solutions for Food Security: Combating Climate Change by Adaptation. CrossRef
Takahashi, Y., Somta, P., Muto, C., Iseki, K., Naito, K., Pandiyan, M., Natesan, S., & Tomooka, N. (2016). Novel genetic resources in the genus Vigna unveiled from gene bank accessions. PLoS One, 11(1), e0147568. CrossRef
Unigwe, A. E., Gerrano, A. S., Adebola, P., & Pillay, M. (2016). Morphological Variation in Selected Accessions of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) in South Africa. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(11), 69. CrossRef
Valombola, J. S., Akundabweni, L. M., Awala, S. K., & Hove, K. (2019). Agronomic and morphological diversity of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea ( L .) Verdc.) accessions in North-Central Namibia. Welwitschia International Jour-nal of Agricultural Sciences 88–99. CrossRef
Yuste-Lisbona, F. J., González, A. M., Capel, C., García-Alcázar, M., Capel, J., De Ron, A. M., Santalla, M., & Lozano, R. (2014). Genetic variation underlying pod size and color traits of common bean depends on quantitative trait loci with epistatic effects. Molecular Breeding, 33(4), 939–952. CrossRef
Amarteifio, J. O., Karikari, S. K., & Moichubedi, E. (1998). The condensed tannin content of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterreanea L. Verdc). Recent Advances of Research.in Antinutritional Factors in Legume Seeds and Rapeseed., 93, 141–143. Direct Link.
Awala, S. K., Hove, K., Wanga, M. A., Valombola, J. S., & Mwandemele, O. D. (2019). Rainfall trend and variability in semi-arid northern Namibia: Implications for smallholder agricultural production. Welwitschia International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1, 1–25. CrossRef
Azam-Ali, S. N., Sesay, A., Karikari, S. K., Massawe, F. J., Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Bannayan, M., & Hampson, K. J. (2001). Assessing the potential of an underutilized crop - A case study using bambara groundnut. Experimental Agriculture, 37(4), 433–472. CrossRef
Bamshaiye, O. ., Adegbola, J. ., & Bamshaiye, E. . (2011). Bambara groundnut : an Under-Utilized Nut in Africa. Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology, 1, 60–72. Direct Link.
Berchie, J. N., Opoku, M., Adu-Dapaah, H., Agyemang, A., Sarkodie-Addo, J., & Berchie J.N. (2012). Evaluation of five bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) landraces to heat and drought stress at Tono-Navrongo, Upper East Region of Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Reseearch, 7(2), 250–256. CrossRef
Bonny, B. S., Dagou, S., Adjoumani, K., Koffi, K. G., Kouonon, L. C., & Sie, R. S. (2019). Evaluation of the diversity in qualitative traits of Bambara groundnut germplasm (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) of Cte dIvoire. African Journal of Biotechnology, 18(1), 23–36. CrossRef
Cervantes, E., Martín, J. J., & Saadaoui, E. (2016). Updated Methods for Seed Shape Analysis. Scientifica, 2016(1), 10. CrossRef
Chai, H. H., Massawe, F., & Mayes, S. (2016). Effects of mild drought stress on the morpho-physiological characteristics of a bambara groundnut segregating population. Euphytica, 208(2), 225–236. CrossRef
Chibarabada, T. P. (2014). Seed quality and water use characteristics of a bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) landrace differing in seed coat colour by Tendai Polite Chibarabada [University of KwaZulu-Natal]. Direct Link.
Dwivedi, S. L., Van Bueren, E. T. L., Ceccarelli, S., Grando, S., Upadhyaya, H. D., & Ortiz, R. (2017). Diversifying food systems in the pursuit of sustainable food production and healthy diets. Trends in Plant Science, 22(10), 842–856. CrossRef
Ellstrand, N. C., & Elam, D. R. (1993). Population genetic consequences of small population size: implications for plant conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24(1), 217–242. CrossRef
Fleißner, K. W. E. (2006). The improvement of Bambara groundnut production in Northern Namibia by means of breeding strategies and agronomic investigations (Issue August) [Technische Universität München]. Direct Link.
Garnett, T. (2014). Three perspectives on sustainable food security: efficiency, demand restraint, food system transformation. What role for life cycle assessment? Journal of Cleaner Production, 73, 10–18. CrossRef
Gbaguidi, A. A., Dansi, A., Dossou-Aminon, I., Gbemavo, D. S. J. C., Orobiyi, A., Sanoussi, F., & Yedomonhan, H. (2018). Agromorphological diversity of local Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) collected in Benin. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(4), 1159–1171. CrossRef
Ghafoor, A., Sharif, A., Ahmad, Z., Zahid, M. A., & Rabbani, M. A. (2001). Genetic diversity in blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper). Field Crops Research, 69(2), 183–190. CrossRef
Godfray, H. C. J., & Garnett, T. (2014). Food security and sustainable intensification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1639), 20120273. CrossRef
Goli, A. E. (1997). Bambara groundnut: bibliographical review. Bambara groundnut Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. Continental Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3, 8–13. Direct Link.
Hillocks, R. J., Bennett, C., Mponda, O. M., & Maritime, C. (2012). Bambara nut: A review of utilisation, market potential and crop improvement. African Crop Science Journal, 20(1), 1–16. Direct Link.
Institute International Plant Genetic Resources. (2000). Descriptors for Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). In Descriptors for Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea). Direct Link.
Kidner, C. A., & Umbreen, S. (2010). Why is Leaf Shape so Variable? In International Journal of Plant Developmental Biology (Vol. 4, Issue 1). Direct Link.
Lattanzio, V., Terzano, R., Cicco, N., Cardinali, A., Di Venere, D., Linsalata, V., Jeuorobo, A. V., U, O. A., O, N. N. G., O., O. P., Mubaiwa, J., Fogliano, V., Chidewe, C., Linnemann, A. R., Chai, H. H., Massawe, F., Mayes, S., Lattanzio, V., Terzano, R., … Mabhaudhi, T. (2005). Phenotypic Variability for Tolerance to Drought Stress of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranea (L) Verda). Food Reviews International, 33(2), 26–33. CrossRef
Lungelwa, Z. (2012). Responses of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterannea L.Verdc) landraces to field and controlled environment conditions of water stress Lungelwa Zandile Zondi. Master Thesis [University of KwaZulu-Natal]. Direct Link.
Mabhaudhi, T, Modi, A. T., & Beletse, Y. G. (2013). Growth, phenological and yield responses of a bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) landrace to imposed water stress: IL. Rain shelter conditions. Water SA, 39(2), 191–198. CrossRef
Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe, O’Reilly, P., Walker, S., & Mwale, S. (2016). Opportunities for underutilised crops in Southern Africa’s post–2015 development agenda. Sustainability, 8(4), 302. CrossRef
Massawe, F. J., Mwale, S. S., Azam-Ali, S. N., & Roberts, J. A. (2005). Breeding in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.): Strategic considerations. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(6), 463–471. Direct Link.
Mayes, S., Ho, W. K., Chai, H. H., Gao, X., Kundy, A. C., Mateva, K. I., Zahrulakmal, M., Hahiree, M. K. I. M., Kendabie, P., Licea, L. C. S., Massawe, F., Mabhaudhi, T., Modi, A. T., Berchie, J. N., Amoah, S., Faloye, B., Abberton, M., Olaniyi, O., & Azam-Ali, S. N. (2019). Bambara groundnut: an exemplar underutilised legume for resilience under climate change. Planta, 250(3), 803–820. CrossRef
Minka, S. R., & Bruneteau, M. (2000). Partial chemical composition of bambara pea [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verde]. Food Chemistry, 68(3), 273–276. Direct Link.
Mkwandawire, C. . (2007). Review of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc.) Production in Sub-Sahara Africa. Agricultural Journal, 2(4), 464–470. Direct Link.
Mohammed, M. S., Shimelis, H. A., & Laing, M. D. (2016a). Phenotypic characterization of diverse Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) germplasm collections through seed morphology. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 63(5), 889–899. CrossRef
Mohammed, M. S., Shimelis, H. A., & Laing, M. D. (2016b). Preliminary investigation on some agronomic and morphological variations of within and between bambara groundnut landraces. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 18, 1909–1920. Direct Link.
Molosiwa, O. O., Aliyu, S., Stadler, F., Mayes, K., Massawe, F., Kilian, A., & Mayes, S. (2015). SSR marker development, genetic diversity and population structure analysis of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] landraces. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 62(8), 1225–1243. Direct Link.
Mubaiwa, J., Fogliano, V., Chidewe, C., Jan Bakker, E., & Linnemann, A. R. (2018). Utilization of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) for sustainable food and nutrition security in semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe. PLoS ONE, 13(10), 1–19. CrossRef
Muhammad, I., Rafii, M. Y., Ramlee, S. I., Nazli, M. H., Harun, A. R., Oladosu, Y., Musa, I., Arolu, F., Chukwu, S. C., Haliru, B. S., Akos, I. S., Halidu, J., & Arolu, I. W. (2020). Exploration of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) verdc, an underutilized crop, to aid global food security: Varietal improvement, genetic diversity and processing. In Agronomy (Vol. 10, Issue 6). MDPI AG. CrossRef
Mukakalisa, C. (2006). Molecular, environmental and nutritional evaluation of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) [Thesis submitted to University of Namibia]. Direct Link.
Mustapha, Y. (2009). Inheritance of Seed Coat Colour Pattern in Cowpea [ Vigna Ungulata (L.) Walp]. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 70–74. Direct Link.
Mustapha, Y., & Singh, B. . (2008). Inhertance of pod colour in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP). Science World Journal, 3(2), 39–42. CrossRef
Ndiang, Z., Bell, J., Fokam, P., Quattara, B., Simo, C., & Dibong, D. (2014). Agro-morphological variability in twelve bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea ( L .) Verdc .) accessions in Cameroon. Sciences,Technologies et Developpement, 16(1974), 38–45. Direct Link.
Nicotra, A. B., Leigh, A., Boyce, C. K., Jones, C. S., Niklas, K. J., Royer, D. L., & Tsukaya, H. (2011a). The evolution and functional significance of leaf shape in the angiosperms. Functional Plant Biology, 38(7), 535–552. CrossRef
Ntundu, W. H., Shillah, S. A., Marandu, W. Y. F., & Christiansen, J. L. (2006). Morphological diversity of bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] landraces in Tanzania. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 53(2), 367–378. CrossRef
Olukolu, B. A., Mayes, S., Stadler, F., Ng, N. Q., Fawole, I., Dominique, D., Azam-Ali, S. N., Abbott, A. G., & Kole, C. (2012). Genetic diversity in Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) as revealed by phenotypic descriptors and DArT marker analysis. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 59(3), 347–358. CrossRef
Redjeki, E. S., Mayes, S., & Azam-Ali, S. (2013). Evaluating the stability and adaptability of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verd.) landraces in different agro-ecologies. Acta Horticulturae, 979(July), 389–400. CrossRef
Sarkar, A., VanLoon, G. W., & Sensarma, S. R. (2019). Sustainable solutions for food security: Combating climate change by adaptation. In Sustainable Solutions for Food Security: Combating Climate Change by Adaptation. CrossRef
Takahashi, Y., Somta, P., Muto, C., Iseki, K., Naito, K., Pandiyan, M., Natesan, S., & Tomooka, N. (2016). Novel genetic resources in the genus Vigna unveiled from gene bank accessions. PLoS One, 11(1), e0147568. CrossRef
Unigwe, A. E., Gerrano, A. S., Adebola, P., & Pillay, M. (2016). Morphological Variation in Selected Accessions of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) in South Africa. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(11), 69. CrossRef
Valombola, J. S., Akundabweni, L. M., Awala, S. K., & Hove, K. (2019). Agronomic and morphological diversity of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea ( L .) Verdc.) accessions in North-Central Namibia. Welwitschia International Jour-nal of Agricultural Sciences 88–99. CrossRef
Yuste-Lisbona, F. J., González, A. M., Capel, C., García-Alcázar, M., Capel, J., De Ron, A. M., Santalla, M., & Lozano, R. (2014). Genetic variation underlying pod size and color traits of common bean depends on quantitative trait loci with epistatic effects. Molecular Breeding, 33(4), 939–952. CrossRef