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Abstract
The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), is the world’s most dangerous and destructive migratory pest. It is a highly voracious and polyphagous insect. Its swarms can migrate hundreds of kilometers per day and invade areas covering millions of square kilometers, causing significant and widespread crop losses. In this review, we synthesize published research and reports on the life cycle, behavior, phases of desert locust along with its damage and management. Elements of locust management include population monitoring and population prediction. However, there are difficulties involved with estimating locust populations because locust swarms are highly mobile. Control techniques for managing locust swarms include cultural control (digging, burning), baiting (scattering locust food impregnated with insecticides), dusting with insecticide, and spraying liquid insecticides (chemical or biological) using ultra-low volume (ULV) application. Effective management strategy relies on improved knowledge of pest biology, more efficient monitoring and control techniques.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Katel, S., Mandal, H. R., Neupane, P., Timsina, S., Pokhrel, P., Katuwal, A., Subedi, S., Shrestha, J., & Shah, K. K. (2021). Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskal) and its management: A review. Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 2(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.11594/jaab.02.01.08
References
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Adhikari, H. (2020). Potential integrated management practices against desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) in Nepal: a mini review. Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, 10(2), 115-124.
Ahmad, K. J., Aslam, A., Munir, M., Ali, Q., Hussain, D., Malik, H., & Zubair, M. (2020). Toxicological impact of different insecticides on the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.) (Acrididae). Life Sci-ence Journal, 17(8), 6-10. CrossRef
Armstrong, L. (2020, March 20). Huge locust swarms are threatening food security, but drones could help stop them. The Conservation. Direct Link.
Bagari, M., Bouhaimi, A., Ghaout, S., & Chihrane, J. (2015). Toxic effects of Nerium oleander on the re-production of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål 1775, Orthoptera, Acrididae). Zo-ologica Baetica, 26, 153-166.
Balasubramanian, D. (2020, March 25). Serotonin trig-gers desert locust swarms. The Hindu. Direct Link.
Banik, A., Mondal, M. F., Khan, M. M. R., Ahmed, S. R., & Hasan, M. M. (2020, April 1). Screening and potent applicability analysis of commonly used pesticides against desert locust: an integrative entomo-informaticsapproach. bioRxiv. Direct Link.
Bashir, E. M., & El Shafie, H. A. (2017). Laboratory evalu-ation of the effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil and Metarhizium anisopliae against some imma-ture stages of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal)(Orthoptera: Acrididae). Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 18(2), 116- 126.
Baskar, P. (2020, February 20). Locusts are a plague of biblical scope in 2020. Why? And what are they ex-actly?. NPR. Direct Link.
Bayer. (2021, March 12). A living nightmare: Defeating the locust plague of 2020. Bayer. Direct Link.
Blue, M.L. (2018, April 1). The differences between lo-custs, grasshoppers and cicadas. Sciencing. Direct Link.
Cabej, N. (2019). The Epigenetic system of inheritance. Epigenetic principles of evolution (Second edition). Elsevier. CrossRef
Cressman, K., Van der Elstraeten, A., & Pedrick, C. (2016, May). eLocust3: An innovative tool for crop pest control. Preventionweb. Direct Link.
D'Alessandro, S., Fall, A. A., Grey, G., Simpkin, S., & Wane, A. (2015). Senegal. Agricultural sector risk assess-ment. World Bank Group Report. Washington, DC 20433, USA
Dandabathula, G., Bera, A.K., Rao, S.S., & Jha, C.S. (2020, December 24). Earth Observation Satellites for Lo-cust Surveillance. Geography and You. Direct Link.
Dobson, H. (2000). A Review of the Current Knowledge on Pesticide Application Techniques Related to Desert Locust Control. FAO. Direct Link.
Duncan, F. (2020, November 23). Explainer: what’s be-hind the locust swarms damaging crops in south-ern Africa. The Conservation. Direct Link.
Eagling, T. (2020, January 12). Deploying drones to tack-le desert locust swarms in East Africa. Medium. Di-rect Link.
Ellis, P. E. (1963). Changes in the social aggregation of locust hoppers with changes in rearing condi-tions. Animal Behaviour, 11(1), 152-160. CrossRef
Elston, C. (2013, February 26). Monitoring and Manage-ment of Desert Locusts in Africa. Direct Link.
Escorihuela, M. J., Merlin, O., Stefan, V., Moyano, G., Ew-eys, O. A., Zribi, M., ... & Piou, C. (2018). SMOS based high resolution soil moisture estimates for desert locust preventive management. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 11, 140-150. CrossRef
EurekAlert. (2020, April 1). Decoding gigantic insect genome could help tackle devastating locust crises. EurekAlert. Direct Link.
FAO. (2016). Locust Watch. FAO. Direct Link.
FAO. (2020a). Five things you should know about an age-old pest: the Desert Locust. FAO. Direct Link.
FAO. (2020b). FAO Desert Locust Guidelines - Latest edition (2001-2003). FAO. Direct Link.
FAO. (2021). Desert Locust. FAO. Direct Link.
Gillett, S. D. (1988). Solitarization in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Bulletin of Entomological Re-search, 78(4), 623-631. CrossRef
GON (2020). Identification and management of Desert Locust. Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Manage-ment Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal. Government of Ne-pal, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Develop-ment. Direct Link.
Homberg, U. (2015). Sky compass orientation in desert locusts—evidence from field and laboratory stud-ies. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 346. CrossRef
Ibrahim, A. G., Oyedum, O. D., Awojoyogbe, O. B., & Okeke, S. S. N. (2013). Electronic pest control de-vices: a review of their necessity, controversies and a submission of design considerations. The Inter-national Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 2(9), 26- 30.
Ibrahim, K. (2008). Plague dynamics and population genetics of the desert locust: can turnover during recession maintain population genetic struc-ture. Molecular Ecology, 10(3), 581-591. CrossRef
Joshi, M., Varadharasu, P., Solanki, C., & Birari, V. (2020). Desert Locust (Schistocera gregaria F.) outbreak in Gujarat (India). Agriculture and Food: E-Newsletter, 2(6), 691-693.
Kumar, V. (2020, May 23). What is Locust Plague and Why Should India be Worried – All You Need to Know. Direct Link.
Latchininsky, A. V., & VanDyke, K. A. (2006). Grasshop-per and locust control with poisoned baits: a re-naissance of the old strategy. Outlooks on Pest Management, 17(3), 105-111. CrossRef
Latchininsky, A., Piou, C., Franc, A., & Soti, V. (2016). Applications of remote sensing to locust manage-ment. In Baghdadi, N & Zribi, Z (Eds.), Land surface remote sensing (pp. 263-293). Elsevier. CrossRef
Latchininsky, A., Sword, G., Sergeev, M., Cigliano, M. M., & Lecoq, M. (2011). Locusts and grasshoppers: be-havior, ecology, and biogeography. Psyche: A Jour-nal of Entomology, 2011: 1-4. CrossRef
Lazar, M., Piou, C., Doumandji‐Mitiche, B., & Lecoq, M. (2016). Importance of solitarious desert locust population dynamics: lessons from historical sur-vey data in A lgeria. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 161(3), 168-180. CrossRef
Le Gall, M., Overson, R., & Cease, A. (2019). A global re-view on locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and their interactions with livestock grazing practic-es. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 263. CrossRef
Lecoq, M. (2010). Integrated pest management for lo-custs and grasshoppers: are alternatives to chemi-cal pesticides credible?. Journal of Orthoptera Re-search, 19(1), 131-132. CrossRef
Maeno, K. O., Ould Ely, S., Mohamed, O., Jaavar, M. E. H., & Ould Babah Ebbe, M. A. (2020). Adult desert lo-cust swarms, Schistocerca gregaria, preferentially roost in the tallest plants at any given site in the Sahara desert. Agronomy, 10(12), 1923. CrossRef
Mansour, S. A., & Abdel-Hamid, N. A. (2015). Residual toxicity of bait formulations containing plant es-sential oils and commercial insecticides against the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskäl). In-dustrial Crops and Products, 76, 900-909. CrossRef
Mansour, S. A., El-Sharkawy, A. Z., & Abdel-Hamid, N. A. (2015). Toxicity of essential plant oils, in compari-son with conventional insecticides, against the de-sert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). Indus-trial Crops and Products, 63, 92-99. CrossRef
Masinde, J. (2020, December 5). Spraying locusts before they can fly key for effective control. CIMMYT.
Direct Link.
McCaffery, A. R., Simpson, S. J., Islam, M. S., & Roessingh, P. E. T. E. R. (1998). A gregarizing factor present in the egg pod foam of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Experimental Biology, 201(3), 347-363.
Melvin, M. (2020, December 5). Desert locust plague 2020: a threat to food security. Food Unfolded.
Direct Link.
Mission. (2020, December 10). East Africa locust out-break and climate change. Mission. Direct Link.
Nguyen, N. T., & Symmons, P. M. (1984). Aerial spraying of wheat: A comparison of conventional low vol-ume with ultra‐low volume spraying. Pesticide
Science, 15(4), 337-343. CrossRef
Popov, G. B., Duranton, J. F., & Gigault, J. (1991). Etude écologique des biotopes du criquet pèlerin Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal, 1775) en Afrique Nord-Occidentale: mise en évidence et description des unités territoriales écologiquement homogènes.
Raghavendra, K. V., Gowthami, R., Lepakshi, N. M., Dhananivetha, M., & Shashank, R. (2016). Use of botanicals by farmers for integrated pest manage-ment of crops in Karnataka. Asian Agri-Hist, 20(3), 173-180.
Rogers, S. M. (2014). The neurobiology of a transfor-mation from asocial to social Life during swarm formation in desert locusts. In J. Decetly & Y. Chris-ten (Eds.), New frontiers in social neuroscience (pp. 11-31). Springer, Cham. CrossRef
Samejo, A. A., Sultana, R., Kumar, S., & Soomro, S. (2021). Could entomophagy be an effective mitigation measure in desert locust management? Agrono-my, 11(3), 455. CrossRef
Sharma, A. (2014). Locust control management: Moving from traditional to new technologies–an empirical analysis. Entomology, Ornithology & Herpetology: Current Research, 4(1), 1-7. CrossRef
Showler, A. T. (2019). Desert locust control: the effec-tiveness of proactive interventions and the goal of outbreak prevention. American Entomolo-gist, 65(3), 180-191.
Shrestha, S., Thakur, G., Gautam, J., Acharya, N., Pandey, M., & Shrestha, J. (2021). Desert locust and its management in Nepal: a review. Journal of Agricul-ture and Natural Resources, 4(1), 1-28. CrossRef
Steedman, A. (1998). Locust Handbook. Overseas Devel-opment Natural Resources Institute, London, UK.
Symmons, P. M., & Cressman, K. (2001). Desert locust guidelines: biology and behaviour. FAO, Rome. Di-rect Link.
Usha, K. (2020, December 5). How Do You Fight the
Locusts?. Direct Link.
Van Huis, A. (1992). New developments in desert locust management and control. Entomologia Experimen-talis et Applicata, 3, 2-18. Direct Link.
Wiktelius, S., Ardö, J., & Fransson, T. (2003). Desert lo-cust control in ecologically sensitive areas: Need for guidelines. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Envi-ronment, 32(7), 463-468. CrossRef
Zhang, L., Lecoq, M., Latchininsky, A., & Hunter, D. (2019). Locust and grasshopper manage-ment. Annual Review of Entomology, 64, 15-34. CrossRef
Adhikari, H. (2020). Potential integrated management practices against desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) in Nepal: a mini review. Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, 10(2), 115-124.
Ahmad, K. J., Aslam, A., Munir, M., Ali, Q., Hussain, D., Malik, H., & Zubair, M. (2020). Toxicological impact of different insecticides on the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.) (Acrididae). Life Sci-ence Journal, 17(8), 6-10. CrossRef
Armstrong, L. (2020, March 20). Huge locust swarms are threatening food security, but drones could help stop them. The Conservation. Direct Link.
Bagari, M., Bouhaimi, A., Ghaout, S., & Chihrane, J. (2015). Toxic effects of Nerium oleander on the re-production of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål 1775, Orthoptera, Acrididae). Zo-ologica Baetica, 26, 153-166.
Balasubramanian, D. (2020, March 25). Serotonin trig-gers desert locust swarms. The Hindu. Direct Link.
Banik, A., Mondal, M. F., Khan, M. M. R., Ahmed, S. R., & Hasan, M. M. (2020, April 1). Screening and potent applicability analysis of commonly used pesticides against desert locust: an integrative entomo-informaticsapproach. bioRxiv. Direct Link.
Bashir, E. M., & El Shafie, H. A. (2017). Laboratory evalu-ation of the effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil and Metarhizium anisopliae against some imma-ture stages of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal)(Orthoptera: Acrididae). Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 18(2), 116- 126.
Baskar, P. (2020, February 20). Locusts are a plague of biblical scope in 2020. Why? And what are they ex-actly?. NPR. Direct Link.
Bayer. (2021, March 12). A living nightmare: Defeating the locust plague of 2020. Bayer. Direct Link.
Blue, M.L. (2018, April 1). The differences between lo-custs, grasshoppers and cicadas. Sciencing. Direct Link.
Cabej, N. (2019). The Epigenetic system of inheritance. Epigenetic principles of evolution (Second edition). Elsevier. CrossRef
Cressman, K., Van der Elstraeten, A., & Pedrick, C. (2016, May). eLocust3: An innovative tool for crop pest control. Preventionweb. Direct Link.
D'Alessandro, S., Fall, A. A., Grey, G., Simpkin, S., & Wane, A. (2015). Senegal. Agricultural sector risk assess-ment. World Bank Group Report. Washington, DC 20433, USA
Dandabathula, G., Bera, A.K., Rao, S.S., & Jha, C.S. (2020, December 24). Earth Observation Satellites for Lo-cust Surveillance. Geography and You. Direct Link.
Dobson, H. (2000). A Review of the Current Knowledge on Pesticide Application Techniques Related to Desert Locust Control. FAO. Direct Link.
Duncan, F. (2020, November 23). Explainer: what’s be-hind the locust swarms damaging crops in south-ern Africa. The Conservation. Direct Link.
Eagling, T. (2020, January 12). Deploying drones to tack-le desert locust swarms in East Africa. Medium. Di-rect Link.
Ellis, P. E. (1963). Changes in the social aggregation of locust hoppers with changes in rearing condi-tions. Animal Behaviour, 11(1), 152-160. CrossRef
Elston, C. (2013, February 26). Monitoring and Manage-ment of Desert Locusts in Africa. Direct Link.
Escorihuela, M. J., Merlin, O., Stefan, V., Moyano, G., Ew-eys, O. A., Zribi, M., ... & Piou, C. (2018). SMOS based high resolution soil moisture estimates for desert locust preventive management. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 11, 140-150. CrossRef
EurekAlert. (2020, April 1). Decoding gigantic insect genome could help tackle devastating locust crises. EurekAlert. Direct Link.
FAO. (2016). Locust Watch. FAO. Direct Link.
FAO. (2020a). Five things you should know about an age-old pest: the Desert Locust. FAO. Direct Link.
FAO. (2020b). FAO Desert Locust Guidelines - Latest edition (2001-2003). FAO. Direct Link.
FAO. (2021). Desert Locust. FAO. Direct Link.
Gillett, S. D. (1988). Solitarization in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Bulletin of Entomological Re-search, 78(4), 623-631. CrossRef
GON (2020). Identification and management of Desert Locust. Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Manage-ment Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal. Government of Ne-pal, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Develop-ment. Direct Link.
Homberg, U. (2015). Sky compass orientation in desert locusts—evidence from field and laboratory stud-ies. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 346. CrossRef
Ibrahim, A. G., Oyedum, O. D., Awojoyogbe, O. B., & Okeke, S. S. N. (2013). Electronic pest control de-vices: a review of their necessity, controversies and a submission of design considerations. The Inter-national Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 2(9), 26- 30.
Ibrahim, K. (2008). Plague dynamics and population genetics of the desert locust: can turnover during recession maintain population genetic struc-ture. Molecular Ecology, 10(3), 581-591. CrossRef
Joshi, M., Varadharasu, P., Solanki, C., & Birari, V. (2020). Desert Locust (Schistocera gregaria F.) outbreak in Gujarat (India). Agriculture and Food: E-Newsletter, 2(6), 691-693.
Kumar, V. (2020, May 23). What is Locust Plague and Why Should India be Worried – All You Need to Know. Direct Link.
Latchininsky, A. V., & VanDyke, K. A. (2006). Grasshop-per and locust control with poisoned baits: a re-naissance of the old strategy. Outlooks on Pest Management, 17(3), 105-111. CrossRef
Latchininsky, A., Piou, C., Franc, A., & Soti, V. (2016). Applications of remote sensing to locust manage-ment. In Baghdadi, N & Zribi, Z (Eds.), Land surface remote sensing (pp. 263-293). Elsevier. CrossRef
Latchininsky, A., Sword, G., Sergeev, M., Cigliano, M. M., & Lecoq, M. (2011). Locusts and grasshoppers: be-havior, ecology, and biogeography. Psyche: A Jour-nal of Entomology, 2011: 1-4. CrossRef
Lazar, M., Piou, C., Doumandji‐Mitiche, B., & Lecoq, M. (2016). Importance of solitarious desert locust population dynamics: lessons from historical sur-vey data in A lgeria. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 161(3), 168-180. CrossRef
Le Gall, M., Overson, R., & Cease, A. (2019). A global re-view on locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and their interactions with livestock grazing practic-es. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 263. CrossRef
Lecoq, M. (2010). Integrated pest management for lo-custs and grasshoppers: are alternatives to chemi-cal pesticides credible?. Journal of Orthoptera Re-search, 19(1), 131-132. CrossRef
Maeno, K. O., Ould Ely, S., Mohamed, O., Jaavar, M. E. H., & Ould Babah Ebbe, M. A. (2020). Adult desert lo-cust swarms, Schistocerca gregaria, preferentially roost in the tallest plants at any given site in the Sahara desert. Agronomy, 10(12), 1923. CrossRef
Mansour, S. A., & Abdel-Hamid, N. A. (2015). Residual toxicity of bait formulations containing plant es-sential oils and commercial insecticides against the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskäl). In-dustrial Crops and Products, 76, 900-909. CrossRef
Mansour, S. A., El-Sharkawy, A. Z., & Abdel-Hamid, N. A. (2015). Toxicity of essential plant oils, in compari-son with conventional insecticides, against the de-sert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). Indus-trial Crops and Products, 63, 92-99. CrossRef
Masinde, J. (2020, December 5). Spraying locusts before they can fly key for effective control. CIMMYT.
Direct Link.
McCaffery, A. R., Simpson, S. J., Islam, M. S., & Roessingh, P. E. T. E. R. (1998). A gregarizing factor present in the egg pod foam of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Journal of Experimental Biology, 201(3), 347-363.
Melvin, M. (2020, December 5). Desert locust plague 2020: a threat to food security. Food Unfolded.
Direct Link.
Mission. (2020, December 10). East Africa locust out-break and climate change. Mission. Direct Link.
Nguyen, N. T., & Symmons, P. M. (1984). Aerial spraying of wheat: A comparison of conventional low vol-ume with ultra‐low volume spraying. Pesticide
Science, 15(4), 337-343. CrossRef
Popov, G. B., Duranton, J. F., & Gigault, J. (1991). Etude écologique des biotopes du criquet pèlerin Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal, 1775) en Afrique Nord-Occidentale: mise en évidence et description des unités territoriales écologiquement homogènes.
Raghavendra, K. V., Gowthami, R., Lepakshi, N. M., Dhananivetha, M., & Shashank, R. (2016). Use of botanicals by farmers for integrated pest manage-ment of crops in Karnataka. Asian Agri-Hist, 20(3), 173-180.
Rogers, S. M. (2014). The neurobiology of a transfor-mation from asocial to social Life during swarm formation in desert locusts. In J. Decetly & Y. Chris-ten (Eds.), New frontiers in social neuroscience (pp. 11-31). Springer, Cham. CrossRef
Samejo, A. A., Sultana, R., Kumar, S., & Soomro, S. (2021). Could entomophagy be an effective mitigation measure in desert locust management? Agrono-my, 11(3), 455. CrossRef
Sharma, A. (2014). Locust control management: Moving from traditional to new technologies–an empirical analysis. Entomology, Ornithology & Herpetology: Current Research, 4(1), 1-7. CrossRef
Showler, A. T. (2019). Desert locust control: the effec-tiveness of proactive interventions and the goal of outbreak prevention. American Entomolo-gist, 65(3), 180-191.
Shrestha, S., Thakur, G., Gautam, J., Acharya, N., Pandey, M., & Shrestha, J. (2021). Desert locust and its management in Nepal: a review. Journal of Agricul-ture and Natural Resources, 4(1), 1-28. CrossRef
Steedman, A. (1998). Locust Handbook. Overseas Devel-opment Natural Resources Institute, London, UK.
Symmons, P. M., & Cressman, K. (2001). Desert locust guidelines: biology and behaviour. FAO, Rome. Di-rect Link.
Usha, K. (2020, December 5). How Do You Fight the
Locusts?. Direct Link.
Van Huis, A. (1992). New developments in desert locust management and control. Entomologia Experimen-talis et Applicata, 3, 2-18. Direct Link.
Wiktelius, S., Ardö, J., & Fransson, T. (2003). Desert lo-cust control in ecologically sensitive areas: Need for guidelines. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Envi-ronment, 32(7), 463-468. CrossRef
Zhang, L., Lecoq, M., Latchininsky, A., & Hunter, D. (2019). Locust and grasshopper manage-ment. Annual Review of Entomology, 64, 15-34. CrossRef